If Doggies Could Write

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I learned recently that the GED test has dropped its poetry section, which used to be included in the reading portion, called Reasoning Through Language Arts. Which reminds me that my parents were amused, back in the sixties, at the new term language arts. They found it overly fancy. As with a lot of polysyllabic neologisms, we all got used to it. Now it sounds normal.

I was both pleased and chagrined at this news. People getting their GED shouldn’t have to jump through unnecessary hoops (in my opinion). As I implied in my previous post, unnecessary hoops might include balancing equations and manipulating negative exponents. I fear the poetry test questions might have emphasized the distinctions among similes, metaphors, personification, and synecdoche, and not really explored the relevance and beauty of poetry. All trees and no forest. I used to annoy my grad school friends by alluding to “the eternal truths as they are expressed in literature.” Probably the GED never touched on those.

On the other hand, the culture at large is nibbling away at the humanities, and the GED decision is symptomatic. The university where I used to teach has dropped foreign language majors and some foreign languages altogether, including Latin, ancient Greek, and Chinese. The department has been decimated. Students at an urban state university don’t need those frills, I can imagine our state capital sages saying. They just need jobs! The GED students, then, are victims of similarly low expectations. They miss out, maybe forever, on reading some pretty great stuff.

In the meantime, I remain happily mired in language minutiae. No practical applications, no job qualifications necessary. A case in point: Someone passed me a few lines of verse the other day and cautioned me not to read it in public, lest it make me cry. I read it as soon as she turned away and didn’t cry. Instead, the word doggerel came to mind because, to me, the poem was sentimental and trite.

I bet you know where I’m going with this. What’s the history of doggerel, anyway? What do bad poems and dogs have in common?

Doggerel does, in fact, derive from dogs. The word dog has been used contemptuously in many contexts, including poetry, as in “Whoreson dog!” (King Lear) and “Egregious dog!” (Henry V). Shakespeare used the word as an insult almost exclusively. If a dog wrote poetry, I guess he or she would do so ineptly. A whoreson and egregious dog’s verses would not be very good.

It’s all in the eye (and ear) of the beholder, of course. My acquaintance was genuinely moved by the bit of verse she shared with me. Debating such questions–what makes a good poem?–is, or used to be, part of most people’s general education. Now? Maybe not so much.

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Success!

I’m very happy to report that the young man I called Andre (see previous post) has earned his GED by passing the science portion of the test. No doubt his success was due to my facility with the work-energy theorem and expertise in the various solubilities of substances in water.

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Laws of Motion

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To protect his privacy, I’ll call him Andre and just say that he hails from a French-speaking African country. I’d guess that Andre is in his mid to late twenties.

Last month, I worked with Andre in the GED tutoring program (General Educational Development) where I volunteer once a week. He was practicing computing compound interest. Earlier that day, I helped a woman with regrouping (i.e. borrowing) in subtraction problems, so compound interest was quite a leap for me, but I kept my head above water with Andre. He needed very little help anyway.

Yesterday I was assigned to tutor Andre once again. In the meantime, he had passed the math portion of the GED test and was now preparing for his last section, science. (Another of my great strengths.) The four sections of the GED are Social Studies, Mathematical Reasoning, Science, and Reasoning Through Language Arts. The language arts section includes an essay, called “an extended response,” in which you have 45 minutes to write a four-to-seven paragraph analysis and argument in response to a short reading. The GED is administered on the computer, so you have to be able to type your essay. Andre has already passed that test, in addition to social studies and math.

We set to work on Andre’s science packet. One lesson had to do with chemical reactions and involved terminology like coefficient, subscript, formula, equation, ionic and covalent bonding, and hydrocarbons , both saturated and unsaturated. I was not, shall we say, in my element. (Pun intended.)

After a bit of reading and answering questions, Andre commented that he had studied similar material four or five years earlier, but in French. I commented in reply that I had also studied this material, but not since 1968. He did a much better job balancing an equation for photosynthesis, for example, than I did. He was working in what I assume to be his third language.

Later on, working on Newton’s First Law of Motion, I really shone when we encountered the word snowshoes. It took me two drawings to explain snowshoes to Andre, who’d never encountered the word, but I eventually conveyed the idea. I imagined that few of the other GED students around us, English speakers all, would know what a snowshoe was.

We moved on to Newton’s Second Law concerning mass, force, and acceleration. We encountered the measurement of force called newtons. Andre turned to me and mentioned another measurement term, pascals. He asked me if Newton was British, and I answered yes. I assumed he was implying that in English-speaking countries, we say newtons, and in French-speaking countries, they say pascals. But some googling when I got home set me straight. They’re two different things, but don’t ask me to define them. I do know who Pascal was, but that has more to do with his famous wager than with measurements of mass and force.

We almost completed the packet, working past the normal two-hour session. Andre comes to GED class every day, always dressed in a suit and tie. He attracts some attention from some of the ladies in class based on his natty appearance. He works the entire two-hour session. He plans to take the science test next week. If he passes, I may never see him again. I wish him very well, as I’m sure you do too.

Andre’s country is not on the new travel ban list, but I don’t know his immigration status and am of course a little worried about it. He comes from a troubled country which has taken time to recover from its colonial past, like Haiti and Afghanistan and other countries on the list. Andre and the American students I see each week (who also come from a troubled country) deserve every break due to their diligence and courage. I learned from our science packet that applying effort force results in moving a load some distance. Some students have ahead of them an onerous load to move a long distance: some are still practicing, for example, their short a sound, but maybe eventually they’ll be working on newtons, joules (a measurement of energy), and solubility. Because everyone who’s graduated from high school knows all about them, right?

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Whose Right Is It, Anyway?

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The weeds are my sweet spot, etymologically speaking, and so we’re wading in. The subject is a constitutional principle that came up in the news today.

In a Senate hearing, Kristi Noem, the head of Homeland Security in the Trump administration, was asked to define habeas corpus. She said, “Habeas corpus is a constitutional right that the president has to be able to remove people from this country.” The former governor of South Dakota thinks the Constitution gives the President the right to deport people, and she thinks that right is called habeas corpus.

Kristi Noem was a governor of a state, and she does not know the meaning of habeas corpus. A phrase which the founders put into the Constitution of the United States.

You don’t have to know Latin to know that habeas corpus is a citizen’s right, not a President’s right. A version appeared in the Magna Carta, an English charter of rights from 1215. That’s the Magna Carta. In 1215.

AI explains the concept like this: “A writ of habeas corpus is a judicial order forcing law enforcement authorities to produce a prisoner they are holding, and to justify the prisoner’s continued confinement.” People, in other words, that is, humans (that is, not necessarily US citizens) have the right to a public hearing notifying them of charges against them. The Constitution decrees that if you’re arrested, you’re entitled to a timely hearing, so that the court can evaluate the legality of your imprisonment.

Here come the weeds. The phrase is Latin, and if you know anything about Latin, you know it’s all about the endings. The verb habere means “to have.” The form habes means “you have.” But in the legal phrase, it’s spelled habeas. That a makes the verb subjunctive, a particular kind of subjunctive called iussive, meaning “command” or “order.” Habeas translated literally means “may you have” or “let you have.” It’s a let that’s more than a suggestion, as when your teachers used to say, “Let’s be quiet now.” They meant, “Be quiet!”

The direct object corpus means “body,” with its obvious English derivatives such as corpse, incorporate, corporal, and so on. The Constitution is not messing around. It’s telling law enforcement and the justice system that if you arrest someone, you have to produce that someone in court. A writ of habeas corpus says, “Let you have the body” in the courtroom. You can’t arrest someone and leave them to rot in a cell indefinitely without charges, without letting them come into court and to hear what they’re up against. Then the court can decide further steps.

I remember looking this phrase up many years ago and being startled at its simplicity and bluntness. Habeas corpus. Let you have the body. You must produce the living body of the prisoner in a courtroom.

The colonial British government didn’t have to produce a body before a judge. It had no obligation to give American colonists the right to a hearing. Neither do the modern governments of Russia, Saudi Arabia, or North Korea. People get sent off to prisons there and are never heard from again. No court ever evaluates trumped-up charges.

We have an administration proposing that we formally suspend habeas corpus, saying that from now on, it’s up to the government whether someone gets a hearing or not. As of now, some 50,000 immigrants are in detention in the US, without hearings. No one knows for sure how many people have already been deported to prisons in El Salvador and other countries, with no hearings and no notice and no legal representation. Habeas corpus is already being suspended.

Thoughts?

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/05/20/kristi-noem-habeas-corpus-definition-senate-hearing/83744183007/

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Fan Mail, Reversed

Circa September, 1976, I received an astonishing postcard in the mail. Its handwriting was unfamiliar, the postmark said “Bellingham, Washington,” and it was signed, apparently, by Annie Dillard, my favorite writer. Or certainly one of the top five. I knew she lived in Bellingham.

I would quote the text verbatim, but I can’t put my hands on it right now. It should be tucked into my battered 1974 copy of Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, but it’s not there, which I’m trying not to worry about right now. Anyway, the postcard wished me a happy birthday, and the writer added that her wishes frequently come true. A postscript read, “John Ewing loves you.”

I knew there was no way Annie Dillard would send me a birthday greeting at my home address in Canton, Ohio. I was painfully aware that Annie Dillard had no idea where I lived or who I was or how much I loved her. That P.S. was my only clue, so I immediately rang up my boyfriend, John Ewing.

I began by asking something like, “How did you manage to send me a postcard from Bellingham, Washington?” I was imagining John’s conniving with some WA acquaintance who could forge a signature and arrange for the appropriate postmark.

John replied, “Oh, she did it? I had given up!” This was happening a week or two after my birthday.

“C’mon,” I insisted. “How did you do this?”

John said, “Really. I wrote her a letter telling her how much you liked her and asking her to send you a birthday greeting. I can’t believe she did it.” He worked at a library and had contrived somehow to find her address.

Eventually, he convinced me that the missive had come to me from Annie Dillard’s actual hands. I kept it safe lo these many years, until now, when I don’t know what became of it. I treasured it because of Annie Dillard, of course, but even more because of John’s creative and sweet gesture.

A few years later, I wrote to Pauline Kael, John’s (then) favorite film critic, and made a similar request. I enclosed a stamped, self-addressed postcard, hoping to guarantee success. Like Annie, Pauline sent John a friendly greeting.

Some years after that, I attended some talks and workshops Annie Dillard presented at Oberlin, when her daughter was a student there. In a smallish group setting, I asked her if she remembered sending me that message. She responded that she didn’t remember, but that she received similar requests fairly often and tried to respond to them. She liked to encourage romance, she said.

Writing this, I was pleased to discover a David Remnick New Yorker interview with Annie Dillard from 2016. Even when she was young, she was cranky, and in her seventies she’s a little more cranky. A crank who encourages romance.

https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/tnyradiohour/segments/david-remnick-speaks-annie-dillard

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Arabic Words in the News!

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The English word tariff dates from the late sixteenth century. It referred to an arithmetical table or an official list of custom duties and derived from the Italian tariffa, meaning “a price or assessment.” That word came from the Latin tarifa, a list of prices, which derived from the Arabic ta’rif, which also described an inventory of fees. That Arabic word stems from a verb meaning “to make known.”

Or. Tar’if ‘became tarifa when it named a medieval town on the southern tip of Spain where ships were paid to pass through. My research doesn’t definitively explain which came first, the payments or Tarifa, the town.

Hundreds of words with Arabic origins have entered English, such as albatross and Alcatraz from last week. Some others are kismet, lacquer, and magazine. Hence, my frequent correction of well-meaning people who tell me, “Latin is the root of all languages.” Sometimes I bite my tongue.

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Albatross Around Our Neck

Who knew Alcatraz, the former prison in the San Francisco Bay, would be in the news, like so many other improbable and repellent items entering our consciousnesses these days? Alcatraz, at least, has two (nearly) redeeming features: one, the name has an interesting derivation, and, two, it coincidentally appears on my list of possible words to write about.

If you’ve ever seen the 1962 classic film starring Burt Lancaster, The Birdman of Alcatraz, you’ll appreciate the word’s irony. The movie’s a highly fictionalized bio-pic of an inmate named Robert Stroud, played by Burt Lancaster, a convicted murderer who became a self-taught ornithologist while in prison. The birds that Stroud studies symbolize, of course, freedom. What most viewers don’t realize is that the prison itself is named for birds. How about that?

Alcatraz is a earlier form of the word albatross. The prison-island is named for the birds who lived there, who were actually pelicans. Okay, pelicans and albatrosses are different species, but they’re similar and often confused.

The Spanish or Portuguese word albatros is an alteration of the earlier alcatraz, originally meaning a web-footed sea bird, or pelican. This name might come from the Arabic al-ghattas “sea eagle” or from Arabic al-qadus, which meant “jar.” This term, referring to an object that could hold water, might refer to the pelican’s pouch.

Follow my example. Next time you’re distracted or troubled by the news, turn your distress into something good. Or at least harmless. Ignore the moral and economic ramifications of disturbing dispatches. Instead, explore some etymologies.

Next time, we’ll be taking a look at tariffs!

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Telling a True Story

Tricia Springstubb’s new novel tells a true story, only in fictional disguise. Her heroine Amber, a sixth grader, is smart but ordinary, cute but not gorgeous, and quietly funny. She has two best friends. Lottie is brainy, and Mariah is a soccer superstar. Amber’s beloved older brother Gage is beginning to grow away from the family. Minor characters, like little sister Clancy, the popular kids, and Amber’s Aunt Noreen, weave in and out, behaving plausibly and entertainingly. Their story, intended for middle schoolers, challenges any reader to think about the importance of telling the truth, and of kindness, and of honest communication within families. (Tricia is a friend and lives in Cleveland Heights.)

A disaster sets the plot in motion: Amber’s house burns to the ground. The community rallies around the family, but mysteries hover over the action. How did the fire start? How will the family rebuild? Will Amber’s parents, Gus and Meg, be able to bridge the worsening rifts between them? And on top of everything else, Amber faces everyday middle-school questions, such as where she’s going to sit in the cafeteria.

Bigger, heavier issues dog Amber and her brother Gage. They face hard choices about telling the truth and keeping secrets. Hard truths abound, and the kids behave like real kids–sometimes heroes and sometimes falling short. Like Tricia’s previous books (Every Single Second and Looking for True, for example), How to Tell a True Story provides an emotionally true and satisfying story for the young person in your life.

I wrote about another enjoyable YA novel last year, The Kings of B’More by R. Eric Thomas (March, 2024). Have you read any books created for young people? What are your favorites from the near or distant past?

Baltimore Boys

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More about Science

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Hydrogen’s chemical symbol is H, and oxygen’s is O. This sensible state of affairs makes Chemistry 101 a little easier (for us English speakers) than it might otherwise be. The periodic table is not always so self-explanatory, however. You probably already know that the chemical symbol for iron is Fe, from the Latin word for iron, ferrum. Similarly, Ag stands for silver, which in Latin is argentum. Tungsten is a similar outlier, with its symbol W.

W stands for wolfram, an old Germanic synonym for tungsten. Wolfram‘s derivation is problematic, but it might mean “wolf-raven,” a German name. Wikipedia devotes an entire page to people named Wolfram. I have never met such a person, but the name has a dignified ring. And what red-blooded American boy would not like to be named Wolf Raven?

The word’s history is fuzzy, though. W0lfram might instead derive from wolf-soot,” a derogatory term for an ore less valuable than tin. Part of the tin is lost when the tungsten-tin ore is smelted. Apparently, in this scenario, miners were pissed off by wolfram.

More straightforwardly, tungsten combines the Swedish words for “heavy” and “stone.” If you’re guessing tungsten is a heavy metal, you’re right. It’s in fact the heaviest. The website of the company Xometry gives tungsten this encomium: “As the heaviest known engineering metal, tungsten has earned the crown for strength, weight, and conductivity.” Yay, tungsten! It’s truly a heavy stone!

Tungsten lent its name to an entertaining 2001 memoir by Oliver Sacks, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood. Sacks’s Uncle David acquired the nickname based on the company he worked for, Tungstalite, which made light bulbs with tungsten filaments. This charming and sometimes sad book reveals Sacks’s extreme precociousness and scientific passion. And, get this, Oliver Sacks’s middle name is Wolf.

Who knew this English major would have two chemistry books to recommend? The other is The Periodic Table by Primo Levi, a chemist, memoirist, and survivor of Auschwitz. This 1984 collection consists of about twenty essays, each nominally devoted to an element, but wandering into personal reminiscences. The Royal Institution of Great Britain, I just read, voted it the best science book ever written in a 2006 poll. You will probably want to read the Best Science Book Ever.

We’ll have to forgive Levi, who–with essays on tin, arsenic, argon, titanium, and others–overlooks tungsten altogether.

Let us know in the comments. What’s your favorite science book? What’s your favorite element?

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Damocles in the News

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Now and again, classical derivatives and mythological allusions arise in the news cycle. Regarding the case of New York mayor Eric Adams, the sword of Damocles keeps recurring in pundit parlance.

First, to review the news story so far, Mayor Adams, a Democrat, was indicted in September of last year, during Joe Biden’s administration, on charges of bribery, fraud, and soliciting illegal foreign campaign donations. To be clear, being indicted means that a federal grand jury, consisting of 16-23 citizens, heard evidence presented by prosecutors, and at least 12 of them found the evidence sufficient for the prosecution to go forward.

As you no doubt know, there are new wrinkles. The Trump Justice Department has moved to dismiss the case “without prejudice,” meaning that the charges could be refiled at any time. Prejudice, a Latin derivative (of course), means “judgment in advance.” So a dismissal without prejudice means that the judge is not deciding guilt or innocence, but rather is dismissing the case without that judgment, leaving open the possibility that the charges can be resurrected. As you may also know, Mayor Adams is now requesting that the case be dismissed instead “with prejudice,” which sounds like a bad thing, because isn’t prejudice a bad thing? Not for Mayor Adams. With prejudice means his charges would go away, i.e., with advance judgment, meaning it’s over and done with, naturally preferable for the accused mayor.

A dismissal without prejudice, as proposed by the Trump Department of Justice, would place a sword of Damocles over Mayor Adams’s head. Anyone can decipher the meaning of the phrase, which calls to mind that expression about having an ax over one’s head. Adams would be free from prosecution only as long as his behavior (meaning enforcing immigration policy) pleases the Trump DOJ. If he steps outside the lines, he could be facing prosecution once again.

So who was Damocles anyway, and why did he have a sword hanging over his head? The stories come from various sources, including Cicero. They’re probably largely apocryphal.

Dionysius was a 4th century BCE king of Syracuse in Greece. Damocles, a member of his court, attended a royal dinner, where he proceeded to flatter his king’s power and prestige. Dionysius offered his throne to Damocles for a momentary thrill, so that he could see how it felt to wield such power. But Dionysius hung a sword, suspended by a horsehair, over Damocles’s head, and said something in Greek along these lines: “How’s it feel now, buddy?” The ax could fall at any time. The sword of Damocles evokes a feeling of dread and imminent peril.

Cicero wrote that Dionysius, known for his brutality, feared to have a barber come near him with a razor and so taught his daughters to cut his beard and his hair, because he knew people wanted to kill him. As Shakespeare put it in Henry IV, “uneasy is the head that wears the crown.”

Mayor Adams wants the sword, the ax, to be permanently removed. Can he convince a judge? Is his promised cooperation with the Administration a valuable enough bargaining chip? In the meantime, a sword of Damocles hangs over the heads of Internal Revenue accountants, employees at the National Parks, secretaries and office workers and other federal employees. It hangs, more literally, over the heads of President Zelenskyy and his people.

In fact, although none of us wears the crown, we’re can sense it, at least some of the time–a sword over our heads, hanging there by a thread.

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