Summer Goes and Autumn Leaves

Back to school this week, I was aware of the sharp tang in the air. This morning I left especially early and wore a blazer. In the evenings, I’ve finally succumbed to wearing jeans and even socks and shoes, instead of sandals, much of the time.

Summer’s end is sad, but this cool weather feels right. An acquaintance was recently musing that maybe there’s an ideal temperature for human functioning–the cool-ish sixties or low seventies–when we feel a sense of well-being. It still gets hot in the afternoon, and no doubt we have more heat in store for us, but autumn’s fast approaching.

Do you bemoan the end of summer and the onset of fall (with winter looming)? Or do you welcome sweater weather and autumn leaves?

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Serendipitous Reading

Joshua Foer

I just finished Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything by Joshua Foer. It’s a study of what scientists know about memory and what wise people through Western history have thought about it, along with the author’s involvement in the U.S. Memory Championship, an obscure and weird competition in which geeky persons memorize decks of cards and perform other memory feats. It’s an entertaining and fascinating account.

Memory geeks use tricks, some derived from ancient texts, such as “memory palaces.”  Think of a familiar building, like the house where you grew up. If you’re trying to remember a shopping list, you place each item in a place in your mental house. The potatoes go on your front step, the milk on the table by your door, the loaf of bread on the couch. Once you have a picture of concrete things in your mind, you remember.

Foer learns, however, that you can’t really strengthen your memory like a muscle. Memorizing doesn’t develop a generally better memory. At the end of the book, after a year of memory training, he takes the subway home after dinner with friends, forgetting that he’d driven his car to the restaurant.  “I hadn’t just forgotten where I parked it,” he writes. “I’d forgotten I had it.”

Foer did learn, however, that discipline and study–the effort to accomplish something hard–pay off. He grows in confidence. He says, “I’d learned firsthand that with focus, motivation, and, above all, time, the mind can be trained to do extraordinary things.”

All very interesting. Then, by chance, I picked up Anne Tyler’s most recent novel, Noah’s Compass, which turns out to be about memory. Her hapless main character (hapless kind of automatically goes with Anne Tyler) Liam Pennywell is beaten up by an intruder but has no memory of the attack, and this gap bothers him throughout the book. In addition, his three daughters and his ex-wife have different memories of their past. Memory and its slipperiness provide the book’s theme.

Here’s an ironic twist. A page or two into Noah’s Compass I realized, to my surprise, that I had read the book before. Because I couldn’t remember how it turned out, I kept reading to the end.

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Defining Terms

Sometimes people ask me the meaning and origin of borderline. It describes a middle ground between neurosis and psychosis.

Those Freudian terms are a little out of vogue. To review, a neurosis is a mental disturbance of lesser seriousness. Fear of flying, for example, might be a neurosis. Or oversensitivity, or a need for control over your children’s lives. I always think of Woody Allen visiting his psychiatrist for years, lying on the couch complaining about his parents and his relationships. Chronic anxiety is neurotic.

The psychotic person, in contrast, loses touch with reality. Hallucinations and hearing voices come into play. Sociopaths like Hannibal Lecter are psychotic.

Psychoanalyst Adolph Stern coined the term borderline personality disorder in 1938 to describe a syndrome that seemed worse than a neurosis but not quite a psychosis. People with BPD can function in the workplace and seem normal much of the time. They rarely have psychotic breaks. On the other hand, their chaotic personal relationships and depression can destroy their lives. Sometimes they seem to distort reality, almost in a psychotic manner. If it’s a neurosis, it’s a debilitating one.

Dr. Joel Paris defines the disorder in this way:

Although we no longer believe that patients with BPD have an underlying psychosis, the name “borderline” has stuck. A much more descriptive label would be “emotionally unstable personality disorder.” The central feature of BPD is instability, affecting patients in many sectors of their lives.

Thus, borderline patients show a wide range of impulsive behaviors, particularly those that are self destructive. They are highly unstable emotionally, and develop wide mood swings in response to stressful events. Finally, BPD may be complicated by brief psychotic episodes.

Most often, borderline patients present to psychiatrists with repetitive suicidal attempts. We often see these patients in the emergency room, coming in with an overdose or a slashed wrist following a disappointment or a quarrel.

Interpersonal relationships in BPD are particularly unstable. Typically, borderline patients have serious problems with boundaries. They become quickly involved with people, and quickly disappointed with them. They make great demands on other people, and easily become frightened of being abandoned by them. Their emotional life is a kind of rollercoaster.

As Dr. Paris implies, the term is highly controversial and often considered a misnomer. The average person has no idea what borderline indicates. In addition, the disorder has accrued so many negative connotations that many believe the term should be abandoned just to start fresh, without the stigma.

Dr. Paris proposed a new name. Do you have any suggestions?

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A Measure Going Out

A few years after my dad died and very soon after my childhood dog Abbie died, I stood in a bookstore and picked up Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard. I read the book’s epigraph from Heraclitus and burst out crying.

It ever was, and is, and shall be, ever-living Fire, in measures being kindled and in measures going out.

Another little measure went out on Monday, as we took our old, ailing dog to the vet for the last time. It’s such a strange reversal; you end his life after expending so much effort stoking the fire. It’s all up to you — food, water, medical care, grooming. We kept the fire going as long as we could, almost sixteen years.

But there came a slow, gradual decline. He lost his hearing and had trouble managing the stairs, and he went through some phases of wandering at night, seeming disoriented, and acting anxious about thunderstorms.

Then he became incontinent, and then things just got worse.

I can’t say anything special about him, except how much I loved him. He was the most ordinary dog. He barked at the mailman. He chased squirrels. He stuck his head out the window of the car. He greeted us at the door and licked our hands and sneaked food off the coffee table.

He did everything a dog is supposed to do, perfectly.

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Books for Kids, Not

My sister-in-law Penni forwarded me an email that tells you what was happening in the year you were born. One fact struck me: Par Lagervist won the Nobel Prize for Literature that year. (I’m not saying what year that was. You can look it up.)

Par Lagervist

I hadn’t seen that name or thought of my buddy Par for many years, but he wrote a book I liked a lot when I was a kid, Barabbas, a novel about one of the thieves who was crucified next to Christ, according to legend.

This got me thinking about a few books I read as a child that were not intended for children. It’s not that I was precocious, but I had two older sisters who left books lying around, and my parents had lots of books that I’d pick up now and then. Barabbas wasn’t inappropriate in a sexual sense (or not that I remember), but it was dark and serious and spiritual.

A very different book but similarly adult in theme was A Dog’s Head by Jean Dutourd. I probably thought it was about dogs, but no. Here’s the Amazon description.

“Jean Dutourd’s A Dog’s Head is a wonderful piece of magical realism, reminiscent of Voltaire, Borges and Kafka. With biting wit, Dutourd presents the story of Edmund Du Chaillu, a boy born, to his bourgeois parents’s horror, with the head of a spaniel. Edmund must endure his school-mate’s teasing as well as an urge to carry a newspaper in his mouth. This is the story of his life, trials, and joys as he searches for a normal life of worth and love.” The New Yorker described it as “an excellent joke in the worst possible taste.”

Not exactly kiddie lit, in other words, and it did contain some sexual suggestion, as I recall. I probably didn’t catch all the connections with Voltaire, Borges, and Kafka.

I was fascinated by these books, I think, because I knew I wasn’t understanding them completely. I was intrigued by their sophistication. I’ve never reread either one as an adult, but maybe I will now.

Does this strike a chord? Can you remember reading and liking something as a child that you weren’t supposed to, for whatever reason?

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What to Do

My July, especially the last week or so, has been taken up with senior dog care and vacillating over the decision as to what to do. People who say that your dog tells you when it’s time to end his or her life have much more communicative dogs than mine. Or better human radar. We don’t know what our dog is telling us.

On the downside, we’re dealing with incontinence and a weak and probably sore left rear leg. He needs to be washed off several times a day, which I assume he hates. He’s barely walking. And he’s deaf, which we have gotten used to by this point. He does some wandering at night, which results in his getting tangled in furniture; he wakes us up with his frustrated cries.

On the other hand, he still loves to eat. He’s still alert and still recognizes us and still seems to appreciate affection. During the intervals when he’s calmly resting or asleep in the living room, he seems (like a sleeping child) no trouble at all.

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Love the One You’re With

I’ve named this phenomenon Compassion for the Other Person, meaning compassion for someone other than the person sitting in front of you.

This happens when you’re telling a friend about a hurt or a problem, and the friend explains what the other person probably intended. The person, that is, who’s not even there, the person who you think caused the hurt to begin with.

I run into this when talking about my mom. Some understanding friends express a lot of understanding of my mom, in reaction to one individual anecdote I’m sharing at that time. “She must have been doing her best,” they say. Or, “Gosh, I’ve done the same thing to my kids.” Or, “She probably didn’t mean it the way it sounded.”

They don’t understand that the one anecdote I’m sharing is emblematic of her mothering, that it’s a single component in a big pattern. In any event, I feel unheard.

I realize now that I’ve done this to other people. I have jumped to the defense of the mother, sister, friend, or husband — the one who’s not even there. And I have to admit that doing this made me feel magnanimous and insightful. Now I realize that I was overlooking the feelings of the person sitting in front of me, who should get first dibs on my compassion.

This frustration was a motivation for me to write Missing: Coming to Terms with a Borderline Mother. I wanted, once and for all, to get it all down in one place so that the syndrome, the pattern, the illness, was revealed. There’s “normal” parenting — a very wide spectrum of good and bad behavior. And then there’s behavior — day after day, month after month, year after year – that extends beyond normal boundaries.

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Causes, Again

I’ve been reading How Dysfunctional Families Spur Mental Disorders: A Balanced Approach to Resolve Problems and Reconcile Relationships by Dr. David M. Allen, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center.

Dr. Allen asserts that drug companies and the rise of managed care have helped nurture the “brain disease” model for many disorders. Whereas autism, schizophrenia, and depression are clearly physical illnesses, disorders such as borderline personality are not, in Dr. Allen’s view. Personality disorders are traceable, he feels, to families–a natural outgrowth of abuse, neglect, and dysfunctional relationships in childhood. It has served the powers-that-be, however, to define these disorders as medical instead of psychological, and to treat them with medication rather than intense, time-consuming talk therapy and family counseling.

After reading my manuscript, Dr. Allen provided a thoughtful hypothesis explaining how my grandmother’s ambivalence may have contributed to my mother’s later depression and BPD symptoms. I have, heretofore, subscribed to the “biosocial” model, which assumes a significant biological propensity to the disorder, exacerbated by problems in the family.

I appreciate Dr. Allen’s maverick, uncompromising approach to assessing the causes of BPD and other disorders. I’m rethinking what I thought I knew about my mom and her parents. (I posted about this previously, here.) Reimagining your mother’s life, comprehending her childhood relationships and experience of her own parents, is a challenging matter. The difficulty helps me appreciate the courage and genius of novelists and playwrights–say, Eugene O’Neil in Long Day’s Journey into Night–who set out to portray their parents’ and grandparents’ lives.

Can you imagine your parents’ lives, especially before you came on the scene? What do you think you know for sure, and what remains a mystery?

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Splitting

Stacy Pershall

I’ve just finished a new memoir, Loud in the House of Myself: Memoir of a Strange Girl, by Stacy Pershall, who’s been diagnosed with both bipolar and borderline personality disorders. It’s a harrowing account of self harm and suicide attempts, miserable depressions, bullying, anorexia and bulimia, drinking, and drug use. At the same time, Pershall has an ironic sense of humor and some wise insights into her gnarled psyche. Her book puts you inside the disorder.

I was struck by her acute description of one of BPD’s hallmark symptoms. She’s comparing herself to her boyfriend’s old girlfriend, who’s demonstrably heavier than Pershall. But BPD, along with her anorexia, won’t allow her to acknowledge that she herself is the slimmer one. She says:

“Later I would find out that this sort of dissociation is common to borderlines, and that in fact there is a name for it: ‘splitting.’ For some reason, we have a uniquely difficult time seeing the world as anything other than black or white, ‘all good’ or ‘all bad.’ Incorporating both positive and negative beliefs about a person, including oneself, is largely impossible. We see ourselves and others in an all-or-nothing way: I was not just fat, but the fattest. Nobody else on the planet could possibly be fatter, and if units of measure said otherwise, the units of measure were wrong. Of all the things that go on in my head, this has always been the hardest to explain to so-called normal people, and by far the most painful aspect of the illness.”

I was impressed with Pershall’s astute insight and clear-headed description of the symptom. Later, though, I ran across an example of splitting that I’m not sure she was aware of herself. At this point in the book, her boyfriend Reese is breaking up with her. She writes:

“I remember he said, ‘I’m sorry,’ which of course the person dumping you never really is, or at least not enough that they’re willing to stay with you.”

This sort of remark makes me want to scream. Of course, someone can want to dump you and feel sorry about it at the same time! Most people probably do have these mixed feelings. For the person with BPD, though, it’s all one or the other. She is unable to tolerate ambiguity.

The struggle for us on the outside, as I keep saying, is to realize that the person with BPD can’t control their dichotomous thinking. It’s up to us resist the urge to scream, listen, and try to understand. Pershall’s vivid, honest book makes this easier to do.

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Phonemic Awareness, Etc.

One of my favorite writers, James Herndon, wrote this in How to Survive in Your Native Land (1971): “What stops you [from reading] is people teaching you skills and calling those skills ‘reading,’ which they are not, and giving you no time to actually read in the school without interruption.”

It always seems to me that people make education too complicated, with reading being a prime example. Experts, people with lots of letters after their names, assign numbers and levels and many polysyllabic words to such things as reading skills.

With all the folderol about skills, Herndon says, “No one has ever had much time in school to just read the damn books. They’re always practicing up to read.”

I feel so disengaged, so frustrated, so out of the loop when I’m plowing through articles about teaching and sitting at meetings about literacy. Other intelligent and well-meaning people apparently find all this stuff about value-added progress and alignment and meta-cognitive assessment interesting and helpful. I find it all complicated and unusable, and it makes me feel alienated, angry, and sad.

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